![]() In 2015, a process for wave energy converting to heat in the corona was suggested by the combination of observations and theory. The waves need to transmit energy to the corona and that energy must be converted to thermal energy in the corona. Just because we discovered waves, we cannot assert that they really heat the corona. (© JAXA / NAOJ) Revealing the Process that Changes Wave Energy to Heat The Hinode Solar Optical Telescope captured waves travelling through the prominence. The fluctuation of a prominence is a very small movement, so it can be said that these results were achieved because Hinode enabled unprecedented atmospheric-interference-free, high-spatial-resolution observations from outer space. Since the plasma has the property that it moves along magnetic lines of force, the vertical oscillation of the plasma in a prominence is thought to be due to the waves traveling along the magnetic lines of force. Known as a prominence, pieces of chromospheric atmosphere floating in the high temperature corona undulate up and down. Hinode produced observational results which might prove that this theory is correct.įirst of all, in 2007, Hinode found waves travelling along the magnetic lines of force. Among them, one of the leading hypotheses is the "wave heating theory." In this theory, the waves propagating along magnetic lines of force carry energy to the corona, and the corona heats up by converting the wave energy into thermal energy. There are various hypotheses for the mechanism of corona heating through magnetic fields. It is known that magnetic fields play important roles in the coronal heating problem. How is the corona heated? - This mystery is called the "coronal heating problem" and it has been one of the major problems of solar physics for many years. It would be like if it became hotter as you moved away from a bonfire or stove. Therefore, this temperature reversal phenomenon that the further you get from the solar surface the higher the temperature becomes, is a very mysterious phenomenon. The energy that makes the Sun shine is generated in the center of the Sun (core) and diffuses out in all directions. From this, you can see that in the solar atmosphere, the outer layers have higher temperatures. The temperature of the solar surface (photosphere) is 6,000 K the temperature of the chromosphere which is above the surface is around 10,000 K and the temperature of the corona which exists above the chromosphere is around 1,000,000 K. The structure and temperature of the solar atmosphere (©ISAS / JAXA) ![]() The Riddle of Why the Solar Surface Temperature is 6,000 K while the Upper Atmosphere (Corona) is 1,000,000 K Here we introduce some of those discoveries. Since Hinode was launched, it has achieved many major discoveries to help solve the mysteries of the Sun. New Features of the Sun Found by "Hinode"
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